Análisis de la capacidad de PRIME para gestión de red en entornos con generación distribuida y sistemas de almacenamiento.

214 p.La evolución de las comunicaciones sobre las redes eléctricas o PLC requiere la superación de algunos retos, como las perturbaciones que algunos dispositivos conectados a la red eléctrica introducen en el medio de transmisión. Por otra parte, la mayoría de las nuevas aplicaciones que se proponen en el desarrollo de las Smart Grids dependen de aspectos como la capacidad del medio, la latencia o el número de dispositivos que pueden realizar transmisiones de forma simultánea. En esta tesis se estudian los dos aspectos mencionados. En primer lugar, se realiza una caracterización de las emisiones en el rango de frecuencias utilizado (de 2 a 150 kHz), basada en medidas de campo. La tipología y el nivel de las emisiones dependen de múltiples factores, algunos basados en el funcionamiento de los dispositivos conectados, y otros en las características de la red, como la variación de la impedancia. La importancia de este tema se manifiesta en el hecho que organismos como CENELEC y CIGRÉ están actualmente demandando estudios que aporten metodologías y resultados de medidas de emisiones en entornos reales y su influencia en las comunicaciones.En segundo lugar, se analizan las posibilidades de la red eléctrica para la transmisión de datos adicionales a los de tele-lectura, que posibilitan el desarrollo de nuevas aplicaciones, basadas en la transmisión entre medidores conectados a la red eléctrica, o incluso entre nuevos dispositivos conectados a la red eléctrica. El estudio analiza la capacidad de transmisión en función de factores relacionados con la topología de la red, el tipo de tráfico de tele-medida y la configuración de los datos adicionales.Los conclusiones de la tesis aportan resultados útiles para la evolución de las comunicaciones en las redes eléctricas, y por tanto, también de las futuras aplicaciones de las Smart Grids.CIEMAT CEDE

Análisis de la capacidad de PRIME para gestión de red en entornos con generación distribuida y sistemas de almacenamiento.

214 p.La evolución de las comunicaciones sobre las redes eléctricas o PLC requiere la superación de algunos retos, como las perturbaciones que algunos dispositivos conectados a la red eléctrica introducen en el medio de transmisión. Por otra parte, la mayoría de las nuevas aplicaciones que se proponen en el desarrollo de las Smart Grids dependen de aspectos como la capacidad del medio, la latencia o el número de dispositivos que pueden realizar transmisiones de forma simultánea. En esta tesis se estudian los dos aspectos mencionados. En primer lugar, se realiza una caracterización de las emisiones en el rango de frecuencias utilizado (de 2 a 150 kHz), basada en medidas de campo. La tipología y el nivel de las emisiones dependen de múltiples factores, algunos basados en el funcionamiento de los dispositivos conectados, y otros en las características de la red, como la variación de la impedancia. La importancia de este tema se manifiesta en el hecho que organismos como CENELEC y CIGRÉ están actualmente demandando estudios que aporten metodologías y resultados de medidas de emisiones en entornos reales y su influencia en las comunicaciones.En segundo lugar, se analizan las posibilidades de la red eléctrica para la transmisión de datos adicionales a los de tele-lectura, que posibilitan el desarrollo de nuevas aplicaciones, basadas en la transmisión entre medidores conectados a la red eléctrica, o incluso entre nuevos dispositivos conectados a la red eléctrica. El estudio analiza la capacidad de transmisión en función de factores relacionados con la topología de la red, el tipo de tráfico de tele-medida y la configuración de los datos adicionales.Los conclusiones de la tesis aportan resultados útiles para la evolución de las comunicaciones en las redes eléctricas, y por tanto, también de las futuras aplicaciones de las Smart Grids.CIEMAT CEDE

Upgrading Urban Services Through BPL: Practical Applications for Smart Cities

Current initiatives related to smart cities in LATAM reveal an increasing interest in the improvement of cities and the wellbeing of their citizens. In addition, specific working groups have been created for this purpose. In this sense, the communication technologies set the basis for gathering, transporting, and managing the large amount of data generated in cities to provide a wide range of services. Within the many alternatives available, BPL positions as a promising technology, since smart cities can greatly benefit of its higher data rates and low latency. In addition, since the medium is already deployed and most of the assets and sensors are connected to the same medium, the cost of the communication systems will be reduced in price and simplicity. The work presents four practical applications: smart buildings, urban lighting, energy assets management and broadband access, in which the possibilities and advantages of BPL are further addressed. Finally, some conclusions and key aspects relating BPL to the success of smart cities are identified.Eusko Jaurlaritza IT-1234-19, KK-202

State of the Art and Trends Review of Smart Metering in Electricity Grids

Climate change, awareness of energy efficiency, new trends in electricity markets, the obsolescence of the actual electricity model, and the gradual conversion of consumers to prosumer profiles are the main agents of progressive change in electricity systems towards the Smart Grid paradigm. The introduction of multiple distributed generation and storage resources, with a strong involvement of renewable energies, exposes the necessity of advanced metering or Smart Metering systems, able to manage and control those distributed resources. Due to the heterogeneity of the Smart Metering systems and the specific features of each grid, it is easy to find in the related literature a wide range of solutions with different features. This work describes the key elements in a Smart Metering system and compiles the most employed technologies and standards as well as their main features. Since Smart Metering systems can perform jointly with other activities, these growing initiatives are also addressed. Finally, a revision of the main trends in Smart Metering uses and deployments worldwide is included.his work has been partially supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (project TEC2015-67868-C3-1-R), the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) within the program for the specialization of the postdoctoral researcher staff, and Microgrids with Renewable Distributed Generation (MIGEDIR) (project 713RT0468), funded by the Science and Technology for Development Iberoamerican Program (CYTED)

Field Trials for the Characterization of Non-Intentional Emissions at Low-Voltage Grid in the Frequency Range Assigned to NB-PLC Technologies

The paper describes the results of a measurement campaign to characterize the non-intentional emissions (NIE) that are present in the low voltage section of the electrical grid, within the frequency range assigned to narrowband power line communications (NB-PLC), from 20 kHz to 500 kHz. These NIE may severely degrade the quality of the communications and, in some cases, even isolate the transmission devices. For this reason, the identification and characterization of these perturbations are important aspects for the proper performance of the smart grid services based on PLC. The proper characterization of NIE in this frequency range is a key aspect for the selection of efficient configurations to find the best trade-off between data throughput and robustness, or even for the definition of new improved error detection and correction methods. The huge number of types of NIE, together with the wide variety of grid topologies and loads distribution (density and location of homes and industrial facilities) are great challenges that complicate the thorough characterization of NIE. This work contributes with results from field trials in different scenarios, the identification of different types of NIE and the characterization both in time and frequency domains of all the registered disturbances. This contribution will be helpful for a better knowledge of the electrical grid as a transmission medium for PLC and, therefore, for evaluating the appropriateness of different robustness techniques to be applied in the next generation of smart grid services.This work was funded in part by the Basque Government under the grants IT1234-19 and Elkartek KK-2018/00037 and the Spanish Government under the grant RTI2018-099162-B-I00 (MCIU/AEI/FEDER-UE)

Smart Grid Applications for a Practical Implementation of IP over Narrowband Power Line Communications

Abstract Currently, Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) systems have equipped the low voltage section with a communication system that is being used mainly for metering purposes, but it can be further employed for additional applications related to the Smart Grid (SG) concept. This paper explores the potential applications beyond metering of the available channel in a Power Line Communication-based AMI system. To that end, IP has been implemented over Narrow Band-Power Line Communication (NB-PLC) in a real microgrid, which includes an AMI system. A thorough review of potential applications for the SG that might be implemented for this representative case is included in order to provide a realistic analysis of the potentiality of NB-PLC beyond smart metering. The results demonstrate that existing AMI systems based on NB-PLC have the capacity to implement additional applications such as remote commands or status signals, which entails an added value for deployed AMI systems.This work has been partially funded by the Basque Government (IT.683-13 and ELKARTEK KK-2017/00071

On-field evaluation of the performance of IP-based data transmission over narrowband PLC for smart grid applications

[EN] One of the current efforts for the grid modernization is the deployment of Advanced Metering Infrastructure systems. Regarding AMI technologies, NarrowBand PLC is one of the most spread technologies worldwide. While current AMI deployments based on NB-PLC focus on metering applications, this work addresses the operation of IP over NB-PLC for Smart Grid applications. IP is a well-established standard that might become the key enabler for the interoperability amongst numerous applications for the Smart Grid. In this scenario, on-field measurements become essential to test the coexistence of AMI systems and data transmission beyond metering applications. This paper analyses the configurations and parameters that affect the performance of IP over PRIME such as the number of nodes in the subnetwork, switching levels and transport layer protocols, among others. Results show that the topology of the subnetwork plays a key role for the resulting data rates and provide a meaningful contribution towards the implementation of new applications over NB-PLC based on IP data transmission

Study of unwanted emissions in the CENELEC-A band generated by distributed energy resources and their influence over narrow band power line communications

Producción CientíficaDistributed Energy Resources might have a severe influence on Power Line Communications, as they can generate interfering signals and high frequency emissions or supraharmonics that may cause loss of metering and control data. In this paper, the influence of various energy resources on Narrowband Power Line Communications is described and analyzed through several test measurements performed in a real microgrid. Accordingly, the paper describes the effects on smart metering communications through the Medium Access Control (MAC) layer analysis. Results show that the switching frequency of inverters and the presence of battery chargers are remarkable sources of disturbance in low voltage distribution networks. In this sense, the results presented can contribute to efforts towards standardization and normative of emissions at higher frequencies higher, such as CENELEC EN 50160 and IEC/TS 6274

Characterization of non-intentional emissions from distributed energy resources up to 500 kHz: A case study in Spain

[EN] Narrow Band Power Line Communications (NB-PLC) systems are currently used for smart metering and power quality monitoring as a part of the Smart Grid (SG) concept. However, non-intentional emissions generated by the devices connected to the grid may sometimes disturb the communications and isolate metering equipment. Though some research works have been recently developed to characterize these emissions, most of them have been limited to frequencies below 150 kHz and they are mainly focused on in-house electronic appliances and lightning devices. As NB-PLC can also be allocated in higher frequencies up to 500 kHz, there is still a lack of analysis in this frequency range, especially for emissions from Distributed Energy Resources (DERs). The identification and characterization of the emissions is essential to develop solutions that avoid a negative impact on the proper performance of NB-PLC. In this work, the non-intentional emissions of different types of DERs composing a representative microgrid have been measured in the 35–500 kHz frequency range and analyzed both in time and frequency domains. Different working conditions and coupling and commutation procedures to mains are considered in the analysis. Results are then compared to the limits recommended by regulatory bodies for spurious emissions from communication systems in this frequency band, as no specific limits for DERs have been established. Field measurements show clear differences in the characteristics of non-intentional emissions for different devices, working conditions and coupling procedures and for frequencies below and above 150 kHz. Results of this study demonstrate that a further characterization of the potential emissions from the different types of DERs connected to the grid is required in order to guarantee current and future applications based on NB-PLC.This work has been financially supported in part by the Basque Government (Elkartek program)

Upgrading the Power Grid Functionalities with Broadband Power Line Communications: Basis, Applications, Current Trends and Challenges

This article reviews the basis and the main aspects of the recent evolution of Broadband Power Line Communications (BB-PLC or, more commonly, BPL) technologies. The article starts describing the organizations and alliances involved in the development and evolution of BPL systems, as well as the standardization institutions working on PLC technologies. Then, a short description of the technical foundation of the recent proposed technologies and a comparison of the main specifications are presented; the regulatory activities related to the limits of emissions and immunity are also addressed. Finally, some representative applications of BPL and some selected use cases enabled by these technologies are summarized, together with the main challenges to be faced.This work was financially supported in part by the Basque Government under the grants IT1426-22, PRE_2021_1_0006, and PRE_2021_1_0051, and by the Spanish Government under the grants PID2021-124706OB-I00 and RTI2018-099162-B-I00 (MCIU/AEI/FEDER, UE, funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and by “ERDF A way of making Europe”)